Sunday, March 23, 2008

IP address (Internet Protocol address)

IP address


IP address (Internet Protocol address) adalah sebuah address unik yang dipergunakan oleh sebuah alat elektronik agar dapat mengidentitifikasi diri dan berkomunikasi satu dan lainnya pada suatu jaringan komputer yang menggunakan Internet Protocol standard (IP)—dengan kata sederhana, address sebuah komputer. Setiap alat yang termasuk dalam suatu jaringan -termasuk didalamnya routers, switches, computers, infrastruktur servers (misalnya, NTP, DNS, DHCP, SNMP, dsb.), printers, Internet fax , dan beberapa telephones—dapat memiliki address tersendiri yang unik didalam cakupan suatu jaringan yang tersendiri. Beberapa IP address juga harus unik untuk penggunaan dalam cakupan global Internet, sementara yang lainnya cukup harus unik saja dalam suatu cakupan sebuah perusahaan.
IP address bertindak sebagai sebuah locator bagi sebuah IP device untuk menemukan yang lainnya dan berinteraksi dengannya. Jadi tidak diperuntukan sebagai identifier yang selalu uniquely identifies untuk alat tertentu. Dalam prakteknya, berkat teknologi seperti dynamic assignment dan network address translation, sebuah IP address tidak selalu sebagai unique identifier,
IP addresses diatur dan ditentukan oleh Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), yang biasanya mengalokasikan sebuah super-blocks kepada Regional Internet Registries, yang pada gilirannya akan mengalokasikan blok yang lebih kecil kepada Internet service providers dan enterprises.


IP address

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique address that certain electronic devices use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard (IP)—in simpler terms, a computer address. Any participating network device—including routers, switches, computers, infrastructure servers (e.g., NTP, DNS, DHCP, SNMP, etc.), printers, Internet fax machines, and some telephones—can have its own address that is unique within the scope of the specific network. Some IP addresses are intended to be unique within the scope of the global Internet, while others need to be unique only within the scope of an enterprise.The IP address acts as a locator for one IP device to find another and interact with it. It is not intended, however, to act as an identifier that always uniquely identifies a particular device. In current practice, an IP address is not always a unique identifier, due to technologies such as dynamic assignment and network address translation.IP addresses are managed and created by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). The IANA generally allocates super-blocks to Regional Internet Registries, who in turn allocate smaller blocks to Internet service providers and enterprises.


Internet Protocol address


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip_address

Saturday, March 22, 2008

Computer Network by Functional Relationship (Network Architectures)

Jaringan Komputer Menurut Hubungan Fungsional ( Architectur Jaringan)

Hubungan fungsional (Architectur Jaringan)

Jaringan computer dapat di klasifikasikan menurut hubungan fungsional yang ada diantara elemen-elemen dari jaringan tersebut, misalkan , Active Networking, Client-server dan Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architectur.



Computer Network by Functional Relationship (Network Architectures)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

By functional relationship (Network Architectures)
Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist between the elements of the network, e.g., Active Networking, Client-server and Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architectures.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks

Computer Network by Protocol

Jaringan Komputer menurut Protokol

Protokol
Jaringan komputer dapat diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan protokol komunikasi yang dipergunakan. Lihat artikel pada List of network protocol stacks dan List of network protocols untuk keterangan lebih lanjut.


Computer Network by Protocol

By protocol
Computer networks may be classified according to the communications protocol that is being used on the network. See the articles on List of network protocol stacks and List of network protocols for more information. For a development of the foundations of protocol design see Srikant 2004 and Meyn 2007


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks

Computer Network by Network Topology

Jaringan Komputer menurut Topologi Jaringan

Topologi Jaringan
Jaringan computer dapat diklasifikasikan menurut topologi jaringan, seperti misalkan Bus network, Star network, Ring network, Mesh network, Star-bus network, Tree atau Hierarchical topology network, dsb. Topologi Jaringan mempunyai arti bagaimana cara peralatan-peralatan pintar pada jaringan melihat hubungan logical antara satu dan lainnya. Penggunaan term "logical" disini mempunyai arti yang signifikan. Topologi jaringan tidak tergantung pada layout "physical" dari jaringan. Bahkan, meskipun jaringan komputer secara fisik ditempatkan secara linear, tetapi bila mereka di hubungkan dengan menggunakan Hub, maka jaringan ini mempunyai Topologi Star, dari pada Topologi Bus. Dengan demikian karakteristik secara visual dan operasional dari sebuah jaringan adalah sesuatu yang berbeda; topologi jaringan secara logical tidak selalu sama dengan layout secara fisiknya.


Computer Network by Network Topology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

By network topology
Main article: Network Topology
Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as Bus network, Star network, Ring network, Mesh network, Star-bus network, Tree or Hierarchical topology network, etc. Network Topology signifies the way in which intelligent devices in the network see their logical relations to one another. The use of the term "logical" here is significant. That is, network topology is independent of the "physical" layout of the network. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement, if they are connected via a hub, the network has a Star topology, rather than a Bus Topology. In this regard the visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct; the logical network topology is not necessarily the same as the physical layout..


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks

Computer Network by Connection Method

Jaringan Komputer menurut Methoda Koneksi

Methoda Koneksi Jaringan komputer dapat juga diklasifikasikan menurut teknologi perangkat keras yang digunakan untuk koneksi antar device pada jaringan, seperti misalkan Fiber Optik, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, atau Power line communication. Ethernets secara physical menggunakan kabel untuk koneksi antar device. Seringkali, mereka menggunakan hubs, switches, bridges, dan routers. Teknologi Wireless LAN dibuat untuk koneksi devices tanpa kabel. Peralatan-perlatan ini mengguanakan frekuensi radio untuk koneksinya..


Computer Network by Connection Method
By connection method

Computer networks can also be classified according to the hardware technology that is used to connect the individual devices in the network such as Optical fiber, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, or Power line communication. Ethernets use physical wiring to connect devices. Often, they employ the use of hubs, switches, bridges, and routers. Wireless LAN technology is built to connect devices without wiring. These devices use a radio frequency to connect..


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks

Computer Network by Scale

Jaringan komputer menurut Skala

Jaringan komputer dapat diklasifikasikan menurut skala ukurannya : Personal area network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), atau Wide area network (WAN). Dengan meningkatnya Ethernet sebagai standard interface jaringan, perbedaan-perbedaan ini lebih penting pada sisi administrator jaringan ketimbang pada end user. Administrators jaringan mungkin mengatur jaringan, berdasarkan selang waktu yang terjadi karena jarak yang ada, untuk memperoleh Quality of Service (QoS) yang diinginkan. Perbedaan utama pada jaringan adalah besar ukurannya. Controller Area Networks adalah sarang khusus, sebagai pengontrol vehicle's engine, boat's electronics, atau sebuah set dari factory robots.



Computer Network by Scale


By scale
Computer networks may be classified according to the scale: Personal area network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), or Wide area network (WAN). As Ethernet increasingly is the standard interface to networks, these distinctions are more important to the network administrator than the end user. Network administrators may have to tune the network, based on delay that derives from distance, to achieve the desired Quality of Service (QoS). The primary difference in the networks is the size.
Controller Area Networks are a special niche, as in control of a vehicle's engine, a boat's electronics, or a set of factory robots.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks




Network Basic Hardware Components

Komponen Dasar Perangkat Keras Jaringan

Semua jaringan terdiri dari perangkat keras blok pembangun interkoneksi nodes jaringan, seperti misalkan Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, dan Routers. Sebagai tambahan, beberapa cara penghubungan diperlukan untuk menghubungkan blok kesatuan ini, biasanya dalam bentuk kabel galvanic (paling sering termasuk Kabel kategori 5). Yang agak jarang adalah sambungan Gelombang Micro (seperti pada IEEE 802.11) atau Kabel Optik ("optical fiber").


Network Basic Hardware Components

All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category 5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.11) or optical cable ("optical fiber").

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks

Routers

Routers

Routers adalah perlatan jaringan yang mem forward data packets sepanjang jaringan dengan menggunakan headers dan mem forward tables untuk menentukan jalan terbaik untuk mem forward packets. Routers bekerja pada network layer dari model TCP/IP atau layer 3 dari OSI model. Routers juga memberikan interconnectivity antara like dan unlike media (RFC 1812) Semua ini dimungkinkan dengan memeriksa Header dari sebuah data packet, dan membuat keputusan untuk hop berikutnya kemana data packet harus dikirim (RFC 1812). Mereka menggunakan preconfigured static routes, status dari hardware interfaces, dan routing protocols untuk memilih jalan terbaik diantara dua subnets manapun. Sebuah router dihubungkan paling tidak antara dua jaringan, biasanya antara dua LAN atau WAN atau sebuah LAN dan jaringan ISP nya. Beberapa DSL dan cable modem, untuk digunakan di rumah, telah terintegrasi dengan routers yang memungkinkan beberapa komputer rumah akses ke Internet.


Routers


Main article: Router
Routers are networking devices that forward data packets along networks by using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path to forward the packets. Routers work at the network layer of the TCP/IP model or layer 3 of the OSI model. Routers also provide interconnectivity between like and unlike media (RFC 1812) This is accomplished by examining the Header of a data packet, and making a decision on the next hop to which it should be sent (RFC 1812) They use preconfigured static routes, status of their hardware interfaces, and routing protocols to select the best route between any two subnets. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Some DSL and cable modems, for home use, have been integrated with routers to allow multiple home computers to access the Internet.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks

Switches

Switches

Main article: Network switch

A switch is a device that performs switching. Specifically, it forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on the Mac-Addresses in the packets. This is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the datagrams to the ports involved in the communications rather than all ports connected. Strictly speaking, a switch is not capable of routing traffic based on IP address (layer 3) which is necessary for communicating between network segments or within a large or complex LAN. Some switches are capable of routing based on IP addresses but are still called switches as a marketing term. A switch normally has numerous ports with the intention that most or all of the network be connected directly to a switch, or another switch that is in turn connected to a switch.

"Switches" is a marketing term that encompasses routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier). Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch. Overemphasizing the ill-defined term "switch" often leads to confusion when first trying to understand networking. Many experienced network designers and operators recommend starting with the logic of devices dealing with only one protocol level, not all of which are covered by OSI. Multilayer device selection is an advanced topic that may lead to selecting particular implementations, but multilayer switching is simply not a real-world design concept.

Bridges

Bridges

Main article: Network bridge

A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learns which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all ports except the one on which the broadcast was received. Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on which the frame arrived.

Bridges come in three basic types:
Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced by routers.
Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.

Hubs

Hubs
Main article: Network hub
A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to all the ports of the hub. When the packets are copied, the destination address in the frame does not change to a broadcast address. It does this in a rudimentary way, it simply copies the data to all of the Nodes connected to the hub.

Hubs

Repeaters

Repeaters

Main article: Repeater

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. Because repeaters work with the actual physical signal, and do not attempt to interpret the data being transmitted, they operate on the Physical layer, the first layer of the OSI model.

Network Interface Cards

Network Interface Cards


Kartu Network, network adapter atau NIC (network interface card) adalah sebuah bagian dari Komputer hardware yang dirancang untuk memungkinkan beberapa komputer berkomunikasi melalui jaringan komputer. Juga dipergunakan sebagai sarana phisik akses ke jaringan dan sering juga dipakai sebagai systim addressing tingkat rendah dengan menggunakan MAC addresses. NIC memungkinkan user untuk saling berhubungan satu dgn lainnya baik dengan kabel ataupun nirkabel





Network Interface Cards

Main article: Network card

A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly

Computer Network

Jaringan Komputer

Jaringan computer adalah sebuah interkoneksi dari sekelompok komputer. Jaringan dapat di kelompokan menurut dengan apa yang disebut sebagai lapisan jaringan dimana mereka beroperasi sesuai dengan basik referensi model yang dianggap sebagai standard pada industri seperti misalkan model empat lapisan Internet Protocol Suite . Sementara itu model referensi tujuh lapis Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) lebih dikenal pada kalangan akademis, kebanyakan dari jaringan-jaringan menggunakan Internet Protocol Suite (IP) sebagai model jaringannya.




From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Computer network

A computer network is an interconnection of a group of computers. Networks may be classified by what is called the network layer at which they operate according to basic reference models considered as standards in the industry such as the four-layer Internet Protocol Suite model. While the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is better known in academia, the majority of networks use the Internet Protocol Suite (IP) as their network model.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks

Friday, March 21, 2008

Web Search Engine

Web search engine

Google adalah suatu mesin pencari tersukses yang saat ini tersedia di internet.Mesin pencari web adalah sebuah mesin pencari yang dirancang untuk mencari informasi yang terdapat di World Wide Web. Informasi dapat berupa halaman web, gambar-gambar dan jenis file lainnya.Beberapa mesin pencari juga mengumpulkan data yang terdapat di newsgroups, databases, atau open directori. Tidak demikan halnya dengan Web directori, yang hanya di maintain oleh beberapa orang editor, mesin pencari bekerja sesuai dengan algorithma atau merupakan gabungan dari algorithma dan masukan dari para editor.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Google is one of the most successful search engines currently available on the internet.
A Web search engine is a search engine designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Information may consist of web pages, images and other types of files.
Some search engines also mine data available in newsgroups, databases, or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine

Intranet Manfaat (Mudharat)

Intranet

Intranet adalah sebuah jaringan privat komputer yang menggunakan Internet protocols dan koneksi jaringan untuk berbagi secara aman dengan pegawainya sebagian informasi atau operasi dari suatu organisasi. Kadang-kadang intranet hanya mengacu pada layanan yang paling terlihat, internal website. Konsep dan teknologi yang sama bagi Internet seperti clients dan servers yang berfungsi memakai Internet protocol suite digunakan untuk membangun sebuah intranet. HTTP dan Internet protocols lainnya yang biasanya digunakan seperti misalkan FTP.
Singkatnya, sebuah intranet dapat diartikan sebagai "versi privat dari Internet," atau sebagai sebuah versi Internet tertutup pada sebuah organisasi.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet protocols and network connectivity to securely share part of an organization's information or operations with its employees. Sometimes the term refers only to the most visible service, the internal website. The same concepts and technologies of the Internet such as clients and servers running on the Internet protocol suite are used to build an intranet. HTTP and other Internet protocols are commonly used as well, such as FTP. There is often an attempt to use Internet technologies to provide new interfaces with corporate "legacy" data and information systems.
Briefly, an intranet can be understood as "a private version of an Internet," or as a version of the Internet confined to an organization. The term first appeared in print on April 19, 1995, in Digital News & Review in an article authored by technical editor Stephen Lawton



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranet

Thursday, March 20, 2008

Internet Manfaat (Mudharat)

Internet

Internet adalah serangkaian jaringan komputer di penjuru dunia yang saling terhubung dan dapat diakses dengan mennyampaikan data berupa paket switching yang menggunakan standar Internet Protocol (IP). Jadi internet adalah "jaringan dari sejumlah jaringan-jaringan” , terdiri dari jutaan jaringan kecil pribadi, akademik, bisnis dan pemerintahan yang secara bersama dapat memuat berbagai macam informasi dan layanan servis, seperti surat elektronik, online chat, file transfer, dan halaman-halaman web yang saling terhubung serta sumber-sumber lainnya dari World Wide Web (WWW).

Internet Vs WWW
Internet dan World Wide Web (WWW) tidaklah mempunyai makna yang sama. Internet adalah kumpulan jaringan-jaringan komputer yang saling terkoneksi, dihubungkan dengan kabel tembaga, kabel fiber-optik , koneksi wireless , dsb. Sedangkan Web adalah kumpulan dari dokumen-dokumen dan sumber-sumber lainnya, terhubung dengan hyperlinks dan URLs. World Wide Web hanyalah merupakan salah satu layanan yang dapat akses melalui Internet, seperti hal yang lainnya termasuk surat elektronik , file sharing, permainan online dan lain-lainya.

Pemakain umum dari Internet

  1. Surat Elektronik
  2. World Wide Web
  3. Akses jarak jauh
  4. Kolaborasi
  5. File sharing
  6. Streaming media
  7. Voice telephony (VoIP)




From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).

Internet Vs WWW
The Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous. The Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc. In contrast, the Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The World Wide Web is one of the services accessible via the Internet, along with various others including e-mail, file sharing, online gaming and others.

Common uses of the Internet
1 E-mail
2 The World Wide Web
3 Remote access
4 Collaboration
5 File sharing
6 Streaming media
7 Voice telephony (VoIP)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

Google