Monday, April 7, 2008

Routing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about routing in computer networks. For other uses, see Routing (disambiguation).Routing (or routeing) is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send data or physical traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network, the Internet, and transport networks.
Routing directs forwarding, the passing of logically addressed packets from their source toward their ultimate destination through intermediary nodes; typically hardware devices called routers, bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches. Ordinary computers with multiple network cards can also forward packets and perform routing, though they are not specialized hardware and may suffer from limited performance. The routing process usually directs forwarding on the basis of routing tables which maintain a record of the routes to various network destinations. Thus constructing routing tables, which are held in the routers' memory, becomes very important for efficient routing.
Routing, in a more narrow sense of the term, is often contrasted with bridging in its assumption that network addresses are structured and that similar addresses imply proximity within the network. Because structured addresses allow a single routing table entry to represent the route to a group of devices, structured addressing (routing, in the narrow sense) outperforms unstructured addressing (bridging) in large networks, and has become the dominant form of addressing on the Internet, though bridging is still widely used, albeit within localized environments.

Routing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing

Bridging (networking)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bridging is a forwarding technique used in packet-switched computer networks. Unlike routing, bridging makes no assumptions about where in a network a particular address is located. Instead, it depends on broadcasting to locate unknown devices. Once a device has been located, its location is recorded in a routing table where the MAC address is stored alongside its IP Address so as to preclude the need for further broadcasting.
The utility of bridging is limited by its dependence on broadcasting, and is thus only used in local area networks. Currently, two different bridging technologies are in widespread use. Transparent bridging predominates in Ethernet networks; while source routing is used in token ring networks. Thus, bridging allows you to connect two different networks seamlessly on the data link layer, e.g. a wireless access point with a wired network switch by using MAC addresses as an addressing system. A bridge and switch are very much alike.

Bridging (networking)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking)

Sunday, April 6, 2008

Switches

Switch

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


A switch is a mechanical device used to connect and disconnect a circuit at will. Switches cover a wide range of types, from subminiature up to industrial plant switching megawatts of power on high voltage distribution lines.
In applications where multiple switching options are required (e.g., a telephone service), mechanical switches have long been replaced by electronic switching devices which can be automated and intelligently controlled.
The prototypical model is perhaps a mechanical device (for example a railroad switch) which can be disconnected from one course and connected to another.
The switch is referred to as a "gate" when abstracted to mathematical form. In the philosophy of logic, operational arguments are represented as logic gates. The use of electronic gates to function as a system of logical gates is the fundamental basis for the computer—i.e. a computer is a system of electronic switches.



Switches


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch

ping

ping

Ping adalah sebuah alat test computer network untuk mengetahui apakah sebuah host tertentu dapat dituju dengan IP network; dipergunakan juga untuk self test suatu network interface card dari suatu komputer. Bekerja dengan cara mengirimkan ICMP “echo request” packets ke target host dan memantau jawaban ICMP “echo response”. Ping dapat mempertkirakan round-trip time, umumnya dalam milliseconds, dan mendeteksi packet loss, dan juga mencetak ringkasan statistik ketika telah selesai test.Kata ping juga sering mengacu pada kata kerja atau benda, dimana mengacu secara langsung pada round-trip time, tindakan dari menjalankan serbuah ping program atau pada pengukuran round-trip time.




ping

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network; it is also used to self test the network interface card of the computer. It works by sending ICMP “echo request” packets to the target host and listening for ICMP “echo response” replies. Ping estimates the round-trip time, generally in milliseconds, and records any packet loss, and prints a statistical summary when finished.The word ping is also frequently used as a verb or noun, where it can refer directly to the round-trip time, the act of running a ping program or measuring the round-trip time.



Ping

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping

Google from a to z

Web Results 1 - 10 of about 463,000,000 for a with Safesearch on. (0.12 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 116,000,000 for b with Safesearch on. (0.13 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 136,000,000 for c with Safesearch on. (0.13 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 155,000,000 for d with Safesearch on. (0.12 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 276,000,000 for e with Safesearch on. (0.21 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 144,000,000 for f with Safesearch on. (0.16 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 77,600,000 for g with Safesearch on. (0.20 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 119,000,000 for h with Safesearch on. (0.12 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 429,000,000 for i with Safesearch on. (0.17 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 79,500,000 for j with Safesearch on. (0.21 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 77,700,000 for k with Safesearch on. (0.13 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 101,000,000 for l with Safesearch on. (0.20 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 209,000,000 for m with Safesearch on. (0.14 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 184,000,000 for n with Safesearch on. (0.17 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 190,000,000 for o with Safesearch on. (0.16 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 89,300,000 for p with Safesearch on. (0.14 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 70,100,000 for q with Safesearch on. (0.28 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 127,000,000 for r with Safesearch on. (0.18 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 408,000,000 for s with Safesearch on. (0.15 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 338,000,000 for t with Safesearch on. (0.19 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 54,900,000 for u with Safesearch on. (0.23 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 155,000,000 for v with Safesearch on. (0.18 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 96,100,000 for w with Safesearch on. (0.27 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 135,000,000 for x with Safesearch on. (0.15 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 129,000,000 for y with Safesearch on. (0.15 seconds)
Web Results 1 - 10 of about 62,500,000 for z with Safesearch on. (0.17 seconds)



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Terms Nb of Web Results Time %
a 463000000 0,12 10,5%
i 429000000 0,17 9,7%
s 408000000 0,15 9,2%
t 338000000 0,19 7,6%
e 276000000 0,21 6,2%
m 209000000 0,14 4,7%
o 190000000 0,16 4,3%
n 184000000 0,17 4,2%
v 155000000 0,18 3,5%
d 155000000 0,12 3,5%
f 144000000 0,16 3,3%
c 136000000 0,13 3,1%
x 135000000 0,15 3,1%
y 129000000 0,15 2,9%
r 127000000 0,18 2,9%
h 119000000 0,12 2,7%
b 116000000 0,13 2,6%
l 101000000 0,2 2,3%
w 96100000 0,27 2,2%
p 89300000 0,14 2,0%
j 79500000 0,21 1,8%
k 77700000 0,13 1,8%
g 77600000 0,2 1,8%
q 70100000 0,28 1,6%
z 62500000 0,17 1,4%
u 54900000 0,23 1,2%


Hostname

Hostname


Sebuah hostname (kadang disebut, sitename) adalah sebuah nama unik yang terkait dengan suatu perangkat jaringan (yang mungkin terdiri dari sebuah komputer, server file, network storage device, mesin fax, copier, kable modem, dsb.) yang dikenal sebagai network. Hostname dipergunakan untuk mengidentifikasi host tertentu dalam berbagai bentuk komunikasi elektronik, seperti misalnya World Wide Web, e-mail atau Usenet. Pada bidang Internet, istilah hostname dan domain name sering dipergunakan secara bergantian, tetapi sesungguhnya secara teknik terdapat perbedaan diantara keduanya.


Di Internet, hostname adalah sebuah domain name yang di assign pada sebuah komputer host. Biasany ini merupakan kombinasi dari nama host lokal dan nama parent domain. Sebagai contoh, "en.wikipedia.org" terdiri dari sebuah lokal hostname ("en") dan sebuah domain name "wikipedia.org". Hostname semacam ini di translasi menjadi sebuah IP address melalui lokal hosts file, atau Domain Name System (DNS) resolver. Adalah mungkin bagi sebuah komputer host untuk memiliki beberapa hostnames; tapi biasanya operating system dari sebuah host memilih untuk mempunyai satu hostname yang dipergunakan host sendiri. Domain name dapat juga menjadi sebagai sebuah hostname, sepanjang batasan dibawah ini masih diikuti. Misalkan, baik "en.wikimedia.org" dan "wikimedia.org" adalah hostnames karena mereka berdua memiliki IP addresses yang di assign kepada mereka berdua. Domain name "pmtpa.wikimedia.org" adalah bukan sebuah hostname dikarenakan tidak memiliki sebuah IP address, tetapi "rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org" dalah sebuah hostname. Jadi semua hostnames adalah domain names, tetapi tidak semua domain names adalah suatu hostnames.





Hostname


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


A hostname (occasionally also, a sitename) is the unique name by which a network-attached device (which could consist of a computer, file server, network storage device, fax machine, copier, cable modem, etc.) is known on a network. The hostname is used to identify a particular host in various forms of electronic communication such as the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet. On the Internet, the terms "hostname" and "domain name" are often used interchangeably, but there are subtle technical differences between them.


On the Internet, a hostname is a domain name assigned to a host computer. This is usually a combination of the host's local name with its parent domain's name. For example, "en.wikipedia.org" consists of a local hostname ("en") and the domain name "wikipedia.org". This kind of hostname is translated into an IP address via the local hosts file, or the Domain Name System (DNS) resolver. It is possible for a single host computer to have several hostnames; but generally the operating system of the host prefers to have one hostname that the host uses for itself. Any domain name can also be a hostname, as long as the restrictions mentioned below are followed. So, for example, both "en.wikimedia.org" and "wikimedia.org" are hostnames because they both have IP addresses assigned to them. The domain name "pmtpa.wikimedia.org" is not a hostname since it does not have an IP address, but "rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org" is a hostname. All hostnames are domain names, but not all domain names are hostnames.




Hostname

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname

Saturday, April 5, 2008

DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS (Domain Name System)

Domain Name System, Internet system yang dipergunakan untuk men translasi nama ke IP addresses.
Domain Name System (DNS) diasosiasikan dengan berbagai jenis informasi yang disebut domain names; yang terpenting, dia berfungsi sebagai sebuah "phone book" bagi Internet dengan menterjemahkan hostnames komputer yang mudah dibaca, misalkan http://www.example.com/, menjadi sebuah IP addresses, misalkan 208.77.188.166, yang diperlukan oleh peralatan jaringan untuk mennyampaikan informasi. DNS juga menyimpan informasi lain seperti daftar mail exchange servers yang dapat menerima email untuk sebuah domain tertentu. Dengan memberikan layanan keyword-based redirection, Domain Name System merupakan sebuah bagian penting dari penggunaan Internet saat ini.



DNS (Domain Name System)



From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Domain Name System, Internet system to translate names into IP addresses.
The Domain Name System (DNS) associates various sorts of information with so-called domain names; most importantly, it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet by translating human-readable computer hostnames, e.g. http://www.example.com/, into the IP addresses, e.g. 208.77.188.166, that networking equipment needs to deliver information. It also stores other information such as the list of mail exchange servers that accept email for a given domain. In providing a worldwide keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of contemporary Internet use.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System

Thursday, April 3, 2008

Tuesday, April 1, 2008

Protocol (computing)

Protokol (computing)
Pada bidang computing, sebuah protokol adalah sebuah konvensi atau standar yang mengontrol atau memungkinkannya sebuah koneksi, komunikasi, dan data transfer antara dua komputer endpoints. Dalam bentuk yang paling sederhanan,sebuah protokol dapat didefinisikan sebagai peraturan-peraturan yang mengatur syntaksis, semantik, dan sinkronisasi dari komunikasi. Berbagai protokol dapat diimplementasikan secara hardware, software, atau kombinasi keduanya a combination of the two. Pada tingkat yang paling rendah, sebuah protokol mengatur kelakuan dari koneksi dari sebuah hardware.

Pprotokol yang umum digunakan
IP (Internet Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Telnet (Telnet Remote Protocol)
SSH (Secure Shell Remote Protocol)
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)


Protocol (computing)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection.

Common protocols
IP (Internet Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Telnet (Telnet Remote Protocol)
SSH (Secure Shell Remote Protocol)
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28computing%29

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